![]() Theological leaders, prominent for their roles in Islamic education and mass organizations, also sought to establish an Islamic state, but they were less involved in Indonesia's modern governance. ![]() These political leaders brought their Western norms to the struggle to establish an Islamic state. During revolution, Dutch-educated political leaders took the leadership of the Islamic movement through appointments in the Socialist-led cabinets. Although these groups played a critical role in winning Indonesia's independence during the Indonesian Revolution (1945-1949), divisions between political leaders, theological leaders, and the grassroots split the movement, and by 1960 these divisions caused the failure of Islam as a political movement for an Islamic state. ![]() This dissertation traces the fate of groups in Indonesia who sought to make their country an Islamic state by transforming politics and society. My doctoral dissertation at Yale University, 2012.
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